10.1: A 'Code of Practice for Responsible Metal Detecting'

There is a 'Code of Best Practice for Responsible Metal Detecting in England and Wales (2017)' that has been endorsed by a number of official bodies and NGOs, its authorship is not officially claimed by any of them, and the code has tended to be ignored by many metal detectorists. Nevertheless for completeness, it will be briefly discussed. It has a preamble that ends "Being responsible means:" followed by four sections: (A) Before you go metal-detecting ; (B) While you are metal-detecting ; (C) After you have been metal-detecting ; (D ) "Finding out more about archaeology and metal detecting". The preamble says:

"If undertaken responsibly metal-detecting can make an important contribution to archaeological knowledge. This document aims to provide guidance for metal-detectorists who wish to contribute to our understanding of the history of England and Wales."

What is missing there is the notion of minimising the damage done to the archaeological record and archaeological values in the course of metal detecting. The first section (4 points) therefore concentrates on not breaking the law (trespass, restricted areas), obtaining permission to search and take items from a landowner's property (no mention is made of documenting title), the third part is about "familiarising yourself with the Portable Antiquities Scheme" and the guidance it provides, and making the landowner aware that items will be recorded. The fourth covers public liability insurance . No other requirements before collection-driven exploitation are mentioned.

The second section (4 points) about responsibility while you are artefact hunting includes respecting the Country Code and is the only area that refers to the archaeological record:

1. Working on ground that has already been disturbed (such as ploughed land or that which has formerly been ploughed), and only within the depth of ploughing. If detecting takes place on pasture, be careful to ensure that no damage is done to the archaeological value of the land, including earthworks. Avoid damaging stratified archaeological deposits (that is to say, finds that seem to be in the place where they were deposited in antiquity) and minimise any ground disturbance through the use of suitable tools and by reinstating any ground and turf as neatly as possible.
2. Stopping any digging and making the landowner aware that you are seeking expert help if you discover something below the ploughsoil, or a concentration of finds or unusual material, or wreck remains. Your local Finds Liaison Officer may be able to help or will be able to advise on an appropriate person. Reporting the find does not change your rights of discovery, but will result in far more archaeological evidence being recovered.
3. Recording findspots as accurately as possible for all archaeological finds (i.e. to at least a one ten metre square - an 8-Figure National Grid Reference), using a hand-held Global Positioning Systems (GPS) device whilst in the field or a 1:25000 scale map if this is not possible. Bag finds individually, recording the National Grid Reference on the bag with a waterproof/indelible marker. Archaeologists are interested in learning about all archaeological finds you discover, not just metallic items, because such finds contribute to knowledge.

The third section obliges the responsible detectorist to "report all archaeological finds to the Portable Antiquities Scheme", follow the law (Treasure Act 1996) and the Treasure Act Code of Practice and regarding export licences, reporting any human remains or unexploded ordnance and reporting any criminal activity observed.

From this, it transpires that only three of the Code's 17 points deal with the interaction of the artefact hunting and the preservation of the information in the parts of the archaeological record affected by the activity.

In discussing searching areas that have been disturbed by ploughing however, no mention is made of the necessity to record artefact scatters as such (***). The admonition to "be careful to ensure that no damage is done to the archaeological value of the land" is meaningless if the document does not define what it has in mind or how to determine that (and vague suggestions about it would be responsible to 'find out more about archaeology' are no help), the same goes for the admonition that the responsible detectorist will immediately recognise and avoid those finds "that seem to be in the place where they were deposited in antiquity".

Digging smaller holes does not in itself minimise damage - but makes it harder for future researchers to identify what has happened. No mention is made here of how to treat an artefact scatter where some items are extracted from scattered tiny holes, is it really enough of a record just to document where the holes are that contained an item added to a collection? What about the holes dug in the same area that contained fragments not added to the collection?

Again, bagging and labelling finds individually is a conditio sine qua non, but merely the 'National Grid Reference' is not an adequate record of the dismembering of a surface scatter or assemblage, and writing "on the bag with a waterproof/indelible marker" should obviously be supplemented by putting a waterproof (plastic) label in the bag, which should also be perforated. "Archaeologists are interested in learning about all archaeological finds you discover, not just metallic items, because such finds contribute to knowledge" is a weak way of saying how the scatter of those artefacts across the site should be being recorded if that removal was in any way to be regarded as "responsible artefact hunting/collection". Likewise not documenting it because a collector is not interested in, for example, pottery, slag or tile is not responsibly compensating the information lost at that site by that person merely selectively taken away from it the bits that the individual collector takes a fancy to. If the site is not going to be documented, better it was left alone.